Open problems 15 tracked · 4 we are engaging

Problems the field says are open.

The fifteen 4 we are engaging · 15 tracked
  1. MUB-10.6 Show that a given pair of MU bases in C6 does not extend to a triple (or quadruple) of MU bases. Primary candidate
  2. MUB-10.5 Find all pairs of 6 x 6 complex Hadamard matrices H1 and H2 such that their product H1-dagger H2 is another Hadamard matrix. Candidate
  3. MUB-10.10 For d = p1^n1 ... pr^nr not a prime power, is a set of min_i (p_i^n_i + 1) nice MU bases strongly unextendible? Candidate (cheap)
  4. MUB-10.3 Show that no single vector is mutually unbiased to any triple of three MU bases when d = 6. Blocked upstream
  5. MUB-10.2 Show that no set of four MU bases exists when d = 6. Slice done
  6. MUB-10.13 Do inequivalent complete sets of MU bases exist in prime dimensions? Watching
  7. MUB-10.7 Can one improve the lower bound provided in Thm. 6.1, to find larger sets of MU bases in composite dimensions? Watching
  8. MUB-10.9 Is the set of (mu + 2) MU bases from Thm. 6.11 unextendible? Watching
  9. MUB-10.4 Classify all complex Hadamard matrices of order six. Out of reach
  10. MUB-10.14 For a quantum particle with one degree of freedom, do more than three MU bases with basis-independent overlaps exist? Out of scope
  11. MUB-10.15 For a quantum particle with one degree of freedom, is the Heisenberg-Weyl type triple of MU bases with basis-independent overlaps strongly unextendible? Out of scope
  12. MUB-10.1 Show that no complete set of seven MU bases exists when d = 6. Orientation only
  13. MUB-10.11 What does it mean for a physical system if inequivalent complementary pairs of observables exist? Orientation only
  14. MUB-10.12 What are the consequences for a physical system if inequivalent complete sets of MU bases exist? Orientation only
  15. MUB-10.8 Is the set of MU product bases from Thm. 6.1 unextendible? Orientation only

Ordered by how much we are committing, not by problem number. Below: what our instrument can decide, then the problems in full — and, at the foot, what we host and what we do not.

What our instrument decides
CAN

Exact certified exclusion over a zero-dimensional algebraic ideal: msolve (F4/FGLM) proves the companion variety finite, then rational interval arithmetic certifies each candidate pair as NOT mutually unbiased. The goal is a certificate a referee re-checks with no solver — NOT YET DELIVERED: the certificate published so far lists witnesses by index without the companion vectors, so it can be checked for internal consistency but not recomputed from the file alone. Until the self-contained version exists, treat solver-free re-checking as the design target, not a capability we have shipped.

CANNOT

It decides ONE matrix, or a finite set of them. It cannot decide a CONTINUOUS family: K6(3) is a three-parameter family, so it contains uncountably many matrices and no finite ideal describes all of them at once. Any claim we make about a family is a claim about the specific parameter values we ran.

Problem 10.6 is written as 'for certain parameter values' precisely because the parameter-point case is the tractable one; the review separately calls a general analytic proof 'a major step forward'. Reading 10.6 as within reach and the general case as within reach is the same extrapolation error that produced sealed predictions 1, 3 and 5. See LESSONS V7.

What we are engaging

4

Our instrument fits, or would if something upstream cleared. These are the four that can cost core-hours.

MUB-10.6 Primary candidate
Show that a given pair of MU bases in C6 does not extend to a triple (or quadruple) of MU bases.

Our gloss — The review's own fallback when the bigger problems are too hard: complete Table 2 by replacing numerical evidence of unextendibility with rigorous proof.

Our position
The review states the blocker in its own words, and it is a HARDWARE blocker: "For the symmetric, Hermitian and Szöllősi non-affine families, i.e. M6(1), B6(1) and X6(2), the available computational memory was insufficient to produce the relevant Gröbner basis, making certain approximations necessary. Thus, no rigorous conclusion regarding the existence of a fourth MU basis containing these families could be drawn." That is precisely the task our instrument performs — produce the basis, then replace the approximation with an exact certificate — and M6(1) is one of the three families Problem 10.6 names. A question abandoned for want of memory is an opportunity; a question abandoned because the mathematics resists is a wall. This one is on the record as the first kind.
Risk — Two risks, stated precisely. (1) The April 2025 invalidation of the family-level Chen–Yu chain touched M6(1) only — NOT the Karlsson families K6(2) or K6(3), which were never closed by that chain and are open for older reasons. An earlier version of this page said 'these families were reopened', which overstated it for two of the three. (2) The memory wall is a decade-old note in a review published four months ago; hardware has moved, and we will not be the only people who can read that sentence. If someone has already cleared it, the desk gate below should find them before we spend a core-hour.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.5 Candidate
Find all pairs of 6 x 6 complex Hadamard matrices H1 and H2 such that their product H1-dagger H2 is another Hadamard matrix.

Our gloss — Equivalent to identifying all MU triples in d=6. Conjecture 8.1 proposes the Fourier family F6(2), its transpose, and Szollosi's X6(2) as the only candidates.

Our position
Conjecture 8.1 names a FINITE candidate list, and checking named candidates is what our certificates do. Needs a desk gate first: the conjecture may already have been verified at the parameter points that matter.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.10 Candidate (cheap)
For d = p1^n1 ... pr^nr not a prime power, is a set of min_i (p_i^n_i + 1) nice MU bases strongly unextendible?

Our gloss — Related to Conjecture 6.2, confirmed for d <= 15.

Our position
A conjecture verified to d <= 15 is a bounded finite check with an obvious next value. The classic compute-overhang profile -- verified this far because that is where someone stopped, not where the mathematics stopped (LESSONS R5). Cheap to gate.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.3 Blocked upstream
Show that no single vector is mutually unbiased to any triple of three MU bases when d = 6.

Our gloss — Strong unextendibility of triples. The review notes this would probably need an exhaustive classification of all MU triples.

Our position
The vector-search half is exactly what our companion enumeration computes, and we would run it directly. The blocker is upstream: the exhaustive triple classification does not exist, and building it is Problem 10.5 plus Problem 10.4. We cannot start at the end of a chain whose first link is open.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0

Where we have computed a slice

1

A sub-case we settled — and then found had already been settled.

MUB-10.2 Slice done
Show that no set of four MU bases exists when d = 6.

Our gloss — Zauner's conjecture in its d=6 form. Sufficient to settle the complete-set question.

Our position
Our certified k=8 run is one slice of this: it shows no fourth MU basis accompanies any BH(6,8) class. That slice is Brierley-Weigert 2009 -- a reproduction, not a discovery. The full problem is far out of reach.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0

Watching

3

Interesting, and not a fit today. No commitment implied.

MUB-10.13 Watching
Do inequivalent complete sets of MU bases exist in prime dimensions?

Our gloss — Known to exist for d = p^n with n > 1; no example found for d prime.

Our position
Existence question over prime dimensions -- a YES needs one object. Small primes are finite-ish. Worth a desk pass, but far from our instrument's strength.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.7 Watching
Can one improve the lower bound provided in Thm. 6.1, to find larger sets of MU bases in composite dimensions?

Our gloss — For d = 2p the known constructions yield only three MU bases no matter how large d gets. A constructive question -- a YES needs one object.

Our position
Witness-shaped, which fits our bias toward chasing a YES. But the search space is a continuous manifold, not a finite grid, so our SAT machinery does not apply and our algebraic machinery has no finite ideal to chew.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.9 Watching
Is the set of (mu + 2) MU bases from Thm. 6.11 unextendible?

Our gloss — Unextendibility of the Latin-square construction in square dimensions.

Our position
Latin-square adjacency is our native vocabulary from the A6 work. Square dimensions means d=9,16,25... -- d=36 is the interesting one and is enormous.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0

Listed for context

7

Out of reach, out of scope, or orientation. We are not working on these and say so rather than leaving the list ambiguous.

MUB-10.4 Out of reach
Classify all complex Hadamard matrices of order six.

Our gloss — Conjecture 7.1: the known list (isolated S6, three-parameter K6(3), four-parameter G6(4)) is expected to be exhaustive, but no proof exists.

Our position
A classification theorem over continuous families. Our instrument decides points, not families. No amount of compute closes this.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.14 Out of scope
For a quantum particle with one degree of freedom, do more than three MU bases with basis-independent overlaps exist?
Our position
Continuous variables. Infinite-dimensional; nothing we own applies.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.15 Out of scope
For a quantum particle with one degree of freedom, is the Heisenberg-Weyl type triple of MU bases with basis-independent overlaps strongly unextendible?
Our position
Continuous variables.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.1 Orientation only
Show that no complete set of seven MU bases exists when d = 6.

Our gloss — The headline question of the whole field: is dimension six really missing its complete set of mutually unbiased bases?

Our position
This is the goal, not a target. Nothing we own reduces it. Listed for orientation only.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.2 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.11 Orientation only
What does it mean for a physical system if inequivalent complementary pairs of observables exist?

Our gloss — Interpretational. Inequivalent pairs exist already for two qubits, yet are not known to differ operationally.

Our position
Not a computational question.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.12 Orientation only
What are the consequences for a physical system if inequivalent complete sets of MU bases exist?
Our position
Not a computational question.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
MUB-10.8 Orientation only
Is the set of MU product bases from Thm. 6.1 unextendible?

Our gloss — Known for d=6 (any three MU product bases are strongly unextendible); open in general.

Our position
The d=6 case -- the only one we have instrument for -- is already settled.
Daniel McNulty, Stefan Weigert · Quantum 10, 2051 (2026) · §10.3 · CC-BY-4.0
What we host, and what we do not

We do not mirror papers here — not even the openly licensed ones. Every record links out to the publisher's copy. Problem statements appear verbatim and attributed because a reworded open problem is a different open problem; nothing else of theirs is reproduced.

Licences are per item, not per source. The review cited on every card above is CC-BY 4.0 and could lawfully be republished in full; the 2009 paper it cites is under publisher copyright and could not. That difference is why this is curated by hand rather than by a crawler.

Status assessments are ours alone and carry no endorsement from the cited authors. If you are one of them and an assessment here is wrong — or you are already working on one of these and would rather we did not — say so and we will change it. The constitution records how corrections are handled.

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